Active management strategies designed for the core holdings of investment portfolios could help investors capture returns that passive index funds leave on the table, according to new research from T. Rowe Price.

The asset manager’s analysis suggests that generating just 25 basis points, or 0.25%, in excess returns annually over 40 years could provide an additional two years of retirement spending, according to a February report from portfolio managers Laurence Taylor and Andrew Tang. Increasing that outperformance to 50 basis points could add five years of spending.

The findings highlight a growing opportunity cost of maintaining passive core holdings with index tracking strategies as the dominant building block for diversified portfolios. Core holdings typically make up the largest portion of a portfolio, designed to provide market-like returns at low cost. T. Rowe Price argues that well-designed active strategies targeting returns above a benchmark with similar risk levels could help investors use this capital more efficiently.

“Passive exposure to the broader market comes at an opportunity cost: alpha, or potential outperformance relative to the benchmark,” the report states.

The firm’s approach combines fundamental research from equity analysts with quantitative analysis of historical market data. This dual-engine design aims to take advantage of market inefficiencies created by behavioral biases, according to the report.

Markets increasingly focus on short-term outcomes, creating price dislocations that can favor investors with longer time horizons, the report argues. The approach also seeks to address how markets often struggle to properly weigh company-specific situations against relevant historical precedents.

Active Management With Controlled Risk

T. Rowe Price’s active core strategies target 50 to 100 basis points in tracking error. Tracking error measures of how much a portfolio’s returns differ from its benchmark index. This range is designed to provide consistency versus a benchmark. Meanwhile, it allows diversified stock picking to drive returns, according to the report.

The strategy avoids large concentrated bets. Instead, smaller overweight and underweight positions spread across a broad universe of securities. Managers control position sizes to limit how much returns diverge from the index, according to the firm.

“An investment engine that integrates two distinct but complementary sources of insight — deep fundamental research and rigorous quantitative analysis — should be well positioned to take advantage of these inefficiencies,” Taylor and Tang wrote.

The firm emphasizes that limiting tracking error requires more than controlling position sizes. Risk management also involves guarding against unintended exposures to groups of stocks that begin trading in similar patterns based on themes like artificial intelligence or interest rate sensitivity, according to the report.

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